gms | German Medical Science

Background: Many people are hesitant to get vaccinated against COVID-19 although vaccines are proven to be safe and efficient. A better understanding of the public opinion on vaccines is important to identify the factors shaping vaccine acceptance and to improve the vaccination process.

Objectives: The present study aims to analyze public attitudes and opinions about COVID-19 vaccines as well as factors influencing vaccine acceptance and hesitancy in Turkey.

Materials and methods: Using qualitative document analysis we collected data from the three largest social media platforms (Facebook, Instagram, and Twitter) and five additional social media forums frequently used in Turkey. A total of 706 tweets and comments, posted between January and May 2021, were extracted into a text document. The coding procedure was carried out with both deductive and inductive approaches, resulting in 3 main and 13 sub-categories.

Results: Personal experiences shared on social media play a significant role in encouraging or dissuading vaccination. While familiarity with “classic” vector-based vaccines increased acceptance, some people referred to past pandemics and considered vaccines to be unnecessary. Misinformation on media contributes to reluctance among the public. Most of the population on social media expressed their fear of mandatory vaccinations not only with respect to Turkey but also to other countries. Impressions and opinions individuals have of the effects of pandemic-related measures in other countries are a significant determinant of their vaccine acceptance. The introduction of new vaccines increases vaccine hesitancy. In addition, some individuals consider themselves not sufficiently informed about the possible side effects of vaccines, which leads them to delay getting vaccinated.

Discussion: Shared experiences with the vaccine on social media play a significant role in vaccine acceptance since social media for many is the main source of information. However, anti-vaccine movements nurtured by conspiracy beliefs are prevalent on social media. Perceived efficacy of vaccines and perceived severity of the disease, general mistrust of medicine, science, government, and pharmaceutical industries also affect decision-making processes of individuals. The level of trust, knowledge and attitude of the public change depending on the types of vaccines. Similarly, the level of knowledge affects vaccine uptake. Recommendations of health professionals who are perceived as opinion leaders have a significant effect on vaccine acceptance.

Practical Implications: The government should build confidence by providing more transparent information and showing consistent actions to promote vaccination. To increase vaccine deployment, strategies should be adjusted to ensure that the public regards vaccination uptake not only as a personal choice but rather as a social responsibility.

Appeal for practice (science and/or care): Further studies are necessary to explore how social media plays a significant role in vaccine acceptance and hesitancy regarding the spread of misinformation and how social media can be utilized to promote vaccine uptake.