Figure 11: First artificial larynx according to Gussenbauer (taken from [62]), longitudinal section, with tracheostomy can¬nula (a), pharyngeal cannula (b), and the phonation can¬nula in upward direction (c). The turnable ring (d) serves for fixation of the pharyngeal to the tracheal cannula. Through the opening (e), a connection to the trachea is created. The epiglottis (h) is kept open by means of a spring (i).